初识LevelDB

发表于 更新于 分类于 阅读次数：

简介

LevelDB 是 Google 编写的一个KV单机数据库（NoSQL），提供从字符串键到字符串值的有序映射，不支持SQL语句。

其核心思想是充分利用“磁盘批量的顺序写要远比随机写性能高出很多”的原理进行优化。随机写、顺序读/写性能优秀，随机读性能一般，适用于写多查少的场景。

和Redis相比的优势在于大部分数据存储到磁盘，不会像内存型数据库一样狂吃内存。

特点

  • 键和值是任意字节数组。
  • 数据按键排序存储。
  • 调用者可以提供自定义比较函数来覆盖排序顺序。
  • 基本操作：Put(key,value) 、Get(key) 、Delete(key) 。
  • 可以在一个原子批次中进行多项更改。
  • 用户可以创建临时快照以获得一致的数据视图。
  • 支持数据的前向和后向迭代。
  • 使用 Snappy 压缩库自动压缩数据，但也支持 Zstd 压缩。
  • 外部活动（文件系统操作等）通过虚拟接口进行中继，因此用户可以自定义操作系统交互。

leveldb-handbook

https://izualzhy.cn/start-leveldb

https://izualzhy.cn/page17/

https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000009707717

https://izualzhy.cn/archive.html?tag=leveldb

LevelDB Redis SQLite MySQL Rocksdb
丢数据 不会 可能 不会
内存依赖 小 大 小
读性能 高
写性能 高 高 低
数据类型
事务 不支持 支持

LevelDB vs 关系型数据库的优缺点

特性 LevelDB 关系型数据库（如 MySQL）
数据模型 键值存储（Key-Value） 关系模型（表、行、列）
写入性能 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐（顺序写入优化） ⭐⭐（需维护索引和事务日志）
读取性能 ⭐⭐⭐⭐（按键查询极快） ⭐⭐⭐（支持索引优化复杂查询）
复杂查询 ❌ 仅支持键或简单范围查询 ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐（支持 SQL 复杂逻辑）
事务支持 ❌ 单操作原子性，无跨记录事务 ⭐⭐⭐⭐（ACID 事务）
扩展性 ❌ 单机存储，需手动分片 ⭐⭐⭐（支持主从复制、分库分表）
数据一致性 ⭐⭐（最终一致性） ⭐⭐⭐⭐（强一致性）
维护复杂度 ⭐⭐（无内置备份工具，需手动管理） ⭐⭐⭐（成熟工具支持备份、监控）
适用场景 日志、时序数据、简单流水记录 复杂业务系统、需关联查询的场景

架构

levelDB架构图

leveldb中主要由以下几个重要的部件构成：

  • memtable
  • immutable memtable
  • log(journal)
  • sstable
  • manifest
  • current

实践

使用levelDB在ubuntu server上部署一个博客图床，Nginx+Java SpringBoot+levelDB

架构图

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用户端 (HTTPS)
       ↓
[Nginx (SSL 终止、反向代理、静态文件服务)]
       ↓
[Spring Boot (上传接口、元数据管理)]
       ↓
[LevelDB (元数据存储) + 文件系统 (图片存储)]

部署levelDB

安装依赖

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sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y build-essential cmake libsnappy-dev git

克隆并编译levelDB源码

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git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/google/leveldb.git
cd leveldb
mkdir -p build && cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release .. && cmake --build .

编译完成后，库文件会生成在build目录下。

出现如下报错，大概是这个版本不稳定，可以下载release源码，并且将第三方组件googletest和benchmark的源码下载，并放入对应的third_party目录下。

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In file included from /home/yankf/prj/leveldb/util/comparator.cc:14:
/home/yankf/prj/leveldb/./util/no_destructor.h: In constructor ‘leveldb::NoDestructor<InstanceType>::NoDestructor(ConstructorArgTypes&& ...)’:
/home/yankf/prj/leveldb/./util/no_destructor.h:24:24: error: ‘is_standard_layout_v’ is not a member of ‘std’; did you mean ‘is_standard_layout’?
   24 |     static_assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<NoDestructor<InstanceType>>);
      |                        ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      |                        is_standard_layout
/home/yankf/prj/leveldb/./util/no_destructor.h:24:70: error: expected primary-expression before ‘>’ token
   24 |     static_assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<NoDestructor<InstanceType>>);
      |                                                                      ^~
/home/yankf/prj/leveldb/./util/no_destructor.h:24:72: error: expected primary-expression before ‘)’ token
   24 |     static_assert(std::is_standard_layout_v<NoDestructor<InstanceType>>);
      |                                                                        ^
gmake[2]: *** [CMakeFiles/leveldb.dir/build.make:468: CMakeFiles/leveldb.dir/util/comparator.cc.o] Error 1
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:181: CMakeFiles/leveldb.dir/all] Error 2
gmake: *** [Makefile:146: all] Error 2

之后再重新构建

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-- The C compiler identification is GNU 13.3.0
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-- Detecting C compiler ABI info
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安装LevelDB系统库（可选）

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sudo cp -r ../include/leveldb /usr/local/include/
sudo cp ./libleveldb.* /usr/local/lib/
sudo ldconfig  # 更新动态链接库缓存

两种访问方式的对比

方案 优点 缺点 适用场景
通过 Spring Boot 服务 1. 支持动态处理（如权限验证、水印） 2. 统一接口管理 1. 性能较低（需经过 Java 应用层） 2. 增加服务负载 需动态处理图片的场景
通过 Nginx 直接访问 1. 高性能（静态文件直读） 2. 减少应用层压力 1. 无法动态控制访问权限 纯静态资源分发（无需鉴权）

将服务部署到ubuntu

windows本地测试可以使用如下语句

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java -jar .\muwpob-research-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar -Dspring.profiles.active=main -Dserver.port=9003 -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -verbose:gc -XX:+PrintGCDetails

Gradle打包出jar包，传输到ubuntu环境。

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nohup java -jar muwpob-research-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar -Dspring.profiles.active=main -Dserver.port=9003 -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -verbose:gc -XX:+PrintGCDetails > springboot.log 2>&1 &

使用该语句验证，注意图片是否已经存在

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curl -X POST -F "file=@./fault.jpg" http://localhost:9003/upload